Storytelling is a vital skill for the guiding adult in a Montessori classroom. The heart of cosmic education is the five Great Lessons/Great Stories that teachers give at the beginning of the school year. Teachers are charged with being storytellers of the truth – giving children accurate information in an inspiring way.

Truth is a slippery concept. In science or in stories that have science content, we deal with truth with a small “t”; the pursuit of Truth with a capital “T” is beyond our lessons. Scientific truth is based on evidence that scientists have gathered by observing and measuring phenomena. Scientists are able to gather more evidence as they invent newer instruments and techniques; as a result, the truth changes. Mostly, the changes are small, but that doesn’t mean they are unimportant. Note also that we cannot discount the present state of knowledge because it might change.

Recently, I received a version of the first Great Lesson, The Coming of the Universe. Below, I’m going to quote some statements from that lesson and then give my ideas on how to make them more truthful. I am referring back to this example when I write “the lesson.”

Referring to the beginning of time, the lesson says “…it was very cold…” You cannot truthfully say anything about the conditions that existed before the Big Bang. It could have been hot, cold, or something in between, but we have no evidence, so we cannot make any definitive statements. Neither can we say if it was dark or light.

The example lesson tells of tiny particles coming together to create the Big Bang. This is not how we understand the first event in the universe. I like the way the book, The Stardust that Made Us* tells it: “In the beginning, there were no elements at all. Our universe exploded into a sea of energy…” At first, there was only energy. The universe quickly expanded and cooled, and within a fraction of a second, some of the energy was converted into particles. Within minutes, the particles came together to form atomic nuclei. It was too hot and energetic for atoms to form. (An atom is an atomic nucleus with a cloud of electrons swarming close around it.) The high energy kept the electrons from the nuclei. Atoms didn’t form for nearly 400,000 years. At that time, the universe had expanded and cooled enough that atomic nuclei could capture and hold their electrons.

The lesson says, “Although this explosion occurred over 13 million years ago, our universe continues to expand.” Yes, this is a good truth for the story. After the Great Lesson, children may wish to learn more about how astronomers learned that the universe is expanding. Look for the story of Edwin Hubble’s observations of galaxies.

The lesson goes on – “Within a few minutes of this explosion, all the matter in the universe was formed.” Not quite – energy can be transformed to matter, although we are more familiar with the opposite. Our Sun and all stars convert matter to energy, which is what keeps them from collapsing under the force of gravity. All of the matter AND energy of the universe came into being then.

The lesson implies that all the early matter was in the form of a gas. This is not true. At those temperatures, matter is in the plasma state. It is a sea of bare atomic nuclei, free electrons, and various other particles. It is important to get this right. Here’s a better version.

In the beginning, the first atomic nucleus to form was hydrogen. In the very hot, dense, and energetic conditions, some hydrogen nuclei collided and formed helium. There were also teeny tiny traces of lithium and possibly just a few other elements – all of which were less than one-billionth of all matter. Almost all the matter was hydrogen and helium. That’s what scientists observe today when they look at the stars – they are mostly hydrogen and helium. After this, the universe was too cool for atomic nuclei to smash together and form new elements. It would take special conditions found only in a very special place to make other elements.

The lesson says that as the universe cooled, the particles came together and formed stars, planets, moons, asteroids, etc. There is more to the story, and it is not too complicated for children to understand.

There is only one thing that can be made from hydrogen and helium alone, and that’s a star. Stars are made of enormously huge amounts of atoms. Gravity pulls the atoms together until the star’s center is very hot and dense. Astronomers think that it took an extra huge amount of hydrogen and helium to make the first stars. These giant stars burned their hydrogen and helium fuel quickly. Gravity pulled their matter together very compactly, and that made their centers very, very hot. These conditions squeezed the atomic nuclei together and formed larger elements. Some of the matter converted to energy, like it still does in stars. Now you know the special place where elements other than hydrogen and helium form. It is the amazing furnace inside the stars that gave us the elements that form planets and life.

As the first stars died, they spread new elements into space, and this helped further star formation. With some different kinds of atoms mixed with the hydrogen and helium, smaller stars that lasted longer could form. Our Sun is likely a third-generation star. It has a bit less than 2% of its mass as elements other than hydrogen and helium as compared to less than a billionth in the first stars.  

One of my favorite children’s science books, The Horse and the Iron Ball** explains the origin of elements very well. It is a bit outdated, as astronomers now know of other cosmic events that produce heavy elements. The basic story is still good and still inspiring.

I will write more about the formation of our Sun, the Earth, and the Moon another time. This is a big enough bite for now. Please feel free to add your questions and comments.

* The Stardust that Made Us: A Visual Exploration of Chemistry, Atoms, Elements, and the Universe. Written by Colin Stuart, illustrated by Ximo Abadia, published in 2024 by Big Picture Press (no relation to Big Picture Science.)

**The Horse and the Iron Ball: A Journey Through Time, Space, and Technology. Written by Jerry and Georgiana Allan, illustrated by Jerry Allan, published in 2000 by Lerner Publications Company.